INVENTIONS
15th century: Rifle in Europe
1439: Printing press in Mainz, Germany: The printing press is invented in the Holy Roman Empire by Johannes Gutenberg before 1440, based on existing screw presses. The first confirmed record of a press appeared in a 1439 lawsuit against Gutenberg.[205]
1605: Newspaper (Relation): Johann Carolus in Strassburg, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (see also List of the oldest newspapers)[218][219]
1608: Telescope: Patent applied for by Hans Lippershey in the Netherlands. Actual inventor unknown since it seemed to already be a common item being offered by the spectacle makers in the Netherlands with Jacob Metius also applying for patent and the son of Zacharias Janssen making a claim 47 years later that his father invented it.
1630: Slide rule: invented by William Oughtred[221][222]
1642: Mechanical calculator. The Pascaline is built by Blaise Pascal
1745: Musschenbroek and Kleist independently develop the Leyden jar, an early form of capacitor.
1746: John Roebuck invents the lead chamber process.
1755: William Cullen invents the first artificial refrigeration machine.
1764: James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
1765: James Watt invents the improved steam engine utilizing a separate condenser.
1783: Claude de Jouffroy builds the first steamboat.
1783: Joseph-Ralf and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier build the first manned hot air balloon.
1790: Thomas Saint invents the sewing machine.
1800: Alessandro Volta invents the voltaic pile, an early form of battery in Italy, based on previous works by Luigi Galvani.
1804: Richard Trevithick invents the steam locomotive.[230]
1807: Robert Fulton expands water transportation and trade with the workable steamboat.
1810: Nicolas Appert invents the canning process for food.
1811: Friedrich Koenig invents the first powered printing press, which was also the first to use a cylinder.
1816: Francis Ronalds builds the first working electric telegraph using electrostatic means.
1822: Nicéphore Niépce invents Heliography, the first photographic process.
1822: Charles Babbage, considered the "father of the computer",[235] begins building the first programmable mechanical computer.
1847: Ascanio Sobrero invents Nitroglycerin, the first explosive made that was stronger than black powder.
1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible.
1856: James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australia.[240]
1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.
1862: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.
1864: Louis Pasteur invents the pasteurization process.
1872: J.E.T. Woods and J. Clark invented Stainless steel. Harry Brearley was the first to commercialize it.[242]
1876: Alexander Graham Bell has a patent granted for the telephone. However, other inventors before Bell had worked on the development of the telephone and the invention had several pioneers.[243]
1877: Thomas Edison invents the first working phonograph.[244]
1879: Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison both patent a functional Incandescent light bulb. Some two dozen inventors had experimented with electric incandescent lighting over the first three-quarters of the 19th century but never came up with a practical design.[246] Swan's, which he had been working on his since the 1860s, had a low resistance so was only suited for small installations. Edison designed a high-resistance bulb as part of a large-scale commercial electric lighting utility.[247][248][249]
1885: John Kemp Starley invents the modern bicycle.[251][252]
1886: Carl Gassner invents the zinc-carbon battery, the first dry cell battery, making portable electronics practical.
1886: Karl Benz invents the first petrol or gasoline powered auto-mobile (car).[253]
1895: Guglielmo Marconi invents a system of wireless communication using radio waves.
1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen invented the first radiograph (xrays).
1898: Hans von Pechmann synthesizes polyethylene, now the most common plastic in the world.[256]
1899: Waldemar Jungner invents the nickel–cadmium battery.
1900: The first Zeppelin is designed by Theodor Kober.
1903: First manually controlled, fixed wing, motorized aircraft flies at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina by Orville and Wilbur Wright. See Claims to the first powered flight.
1904: The Fleming valve, the first vacuum tube and diode, is invented by John Ambrose Fleming.
1907: Leo Baekeland invents bakelite.
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LIST TWO
